- penyakit daerah diskus cervicalis
- diabetes
- luka dibahu
- bekas operasi di bahu
- bedah jantung terbuka
- hipertiroidism
- penurunan gerakan dari bahu
- nyeri
- kekakuan.


Put the first sheet of paper aside and explain what you are trying to convey through your essay out loud or in your head without looking at the essay or the list of topics. As you explain your point naturally and in your own words, jot down each topic you cover as you are going through your explanation on a separate sheet of paper.
Compare the topic list from step 2 with the topic list from step 3, and change the order of your paragraphs to match the way that you would naturally explain your objective.
Read through your essay from the beginning, with the paragraphs rearranged in the most natural order, pausing at the beginning of each new paragraph.
Look at both the topic you have just finished discussing and the topic that is about to be discussed, and add a simple, clear transitional sentence at the beginning of each new paragraph to tie it into the previous paragraph. For example, say you are writing a paper about the success of "I Love Lucy," and have just ended a paragraph about how the advanced filming techniques used on the show have contributed to its ongoing success. If the next paragraph will discuss the popularity of the show at the time, then a reasonable transitional sentence might be: "While the success of the innovations that came out of "I Love Lucy" deserve a great deal of respect, the popularity of the show itself must not be overlooked."
After placing transitional sentences at the beginning of each paragraph, read the essay from the beginning. If there is any place where the essay does not sound like a well informed explanation of the objective to a friend, add transitional sentences in the weak spots. Your essay should now have a cohesive, natural flow.
Read each paragraph carefully and summarize the main topic of each in a simple word or phrase. List these topics on the sheet of paper.
Put the first sheet of paper aside and explain what you are trying to convey through your essay out loud or in your head without looking at the essay or the list of topics. As you explain your point naturally and in your own words, jot down each topic you cover as you are going through your explanation on a separate sheet of paper.
Compare the topic list from step 2 with the topic list from step 3, and change the order of your paragraphs to match the way that you would naturally explain your objective.
Read through your essay from the beginning, with the paragraphs rearranged in the most natural order, pausing at the beginning of each new paragraph.
Look at both the topic you have just finished discussing and the topic that is about to be discussed, and add a simple, clear transitional sentence at the beginning of each new paragraph to tie it into the previous paragraph. For example, say you are writing a paper about the success of "I Love Lucy," and have just ended a paragraph about how the advanced filming techniques used on the show have contributed to its ongoing success. If the next paragraph will discuss the popularity of the show at the time, then a reasonable transitional sentence might be: "While the success of the innovations that came out of "I Love Lucy" deserve a great deal of respect, the popularity of the show itself must not be overlooked."
After placing transitional sentences at the beginning of each paragraph, read the essay from the beginning. If there is any place where the essay does not sound like a well informed explanation of the objective to a friend, add transitional sentences in the weak spots. Your essay should now have a cohesive, natural flow.


mat yang diucapkan pendek, gangguan artikulasi, tetapi pemahaman normal. Prognosa baikDoses of caffeine equivalent to drinking five cups of coffee daily may help reverse memory problems characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, according to University of South Florida report. The research, carried out on mice and published July 5, 2009, in the online Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, suggested caffeine slowed the production of the protein plaques thought to be the hallmark of the disease.
The 55 mice used in the study had been bred to develop symptoms ofAlzheimer's disease. First, behavior tests confirmed the mice had impaired memories when they were about 19 months old; equivalent to about 70 in human years. Then, researchers gave half the mice caffeine daily, equivalent to what a human being would receive in five cups of coffee, in their drinking water.
When the mice were tested again after two months, those who received the caffeine performed much better on tests measuring their memory and thinking skills; in fact, they performed as well as mice of the same age without dementia. Those drinking plain water continued to test poorly. In addition, the brains of the mice given caffeine showed nearly a 50% reduction in levels of beta amyloid protein, which forms destructive clumps in the brains of dementia patients.
The researchers suggest that caffeine suppresses inflammatory changes in the brain that lead to an overabundance of the protein, but added that it is too early to say whether drinking coffee or taking caffeine supplements will help people with Alzheimer's.
This is all obviously intriguing news, but it is interesting to me that the in media coverage of this study, reporters have largely played up the coffee angle, when the mice were given caffeine, not coffee. The fact is that green and white teas also contain caffeine, along with other compounds that may be neuro- and cardioprotective - and, in my experience, tea is less likely to cause the insomnia, digestive upset, bladder irritation, and jitters that often come with coffee drinking.
Penyebab dan patofisiologi anemia normositik normokrom
Anemia normositik normokrom dapat terjadi karena
a. Hemolitik
b. Pasca perdarahan akut
c. anemia aplastik
d. sindrom mielodisplasia
e. alkoholism
f. anemia pada penyakit hati kronik
Patofisiologi anemia ini terjadi karena pengeluaran darah / destruksi darah yang berlebih sehingga menyebabkan Sumsum tulang harus bekerja lebih keras lagi dalam eritropoiesis. Sehingga banyak eritrosit muda (retikulosit) yang terlihat pada gambaran darah tepi. Jika retikulosit tidak ditemukan, maka dicurigai adanya anemia aplastik, anemia def besi dan b12 yang tidak diobati, terapi radiasi, masalah endokrin, kegagalan sumsum tulang, sindrom mielodisplasia, dan alkoholism.
Pemeriksaan Laboratorium yang mendukung anemia hemolitik
Test Coomb's. Dilakukan setelah hitung retikulosit dan di dapatkan retikulosit meningkat.
Test Coombs ini ada yang secara langsung dan secara tidak langsung
1. Secara langsung. Untuk mendeteksi antibodi yang melekat pada sel darah merah,yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan sel. Uji ini dapat mengidentifikasi suatu reaksi antigen-antibodi yang lemah walaupun tidak tampak aglutinasi SDM.
2. Secara tidak langsung. Untuk mendeteksi antibodi yang bersirkulasi dengan bebas dalam serum klien. Biasanya uji ini digunakan sebelum transfusi darah (untuk memeriksa keberadaan antibodi dalam darah resipien dan donor sebelum dilakukan transfusi darah)
Patogenesis terjadinya anemia pada penyakit parasit
Hemolisis dengan derajad tertentu ditemukan pad semua tipe infeksi malaria, kelainan yang paling berat ditemukan pada infeksi Plasmodium falciparum. Pada kasus terburuk, terjadi DIC dan hemolisis intravaskular ditandai dengan hemoglobinuria dan black water fever (kecing seperti coca-cola)
Daur hidup plasmodium ada 2, yaitu:
a. Fase aseksual (didalam tubuh manusia).
b. Fase seksual (didalam tubuh nyamuk)
Fase aseksual (pada manusia) dibagi menjadi
1. daur eksoeritrositer di parenkim hati
a. skizogoni eritrosit primer (masuk langsung bekembang)
b. skizogoni eritrosit sekunder (diam dahulu / stadium hypnozoid)
2. daur eritrositer
skizogoni di eritrosit
Fase seksual (dalam tubuh nyamuk), makrogametosit dan mikrogametosit membentuk zigot.
Zigot ini akan membentuk ookinet, lalu menjadi ookista dan terakhir menjadi sporozoit yang siap ditularkan ke tubuh manusia
Parasit plasmodium yang berada di skizogoni eritrosit primer adalah malaria dan falciparum
sedangkan yang mengalami stadium hypnozoid adalah vivax dan ovale.
Parasit-parasit ini mempunyai patogenesis yang sedikit berbeda. Pada umumnya, parasit malaria ini menginfeksi eritrosit. Ada yang dihancurkan di RES dan ada juga yang menempel pada sel endotel (untuk berkembang biak) sehingga parasit makin banyak.
Gejala Klinik Malaria
1. Demam periodik (pada plasmodium falciparum dan vivax, demam terjadi tiap 3 hari sekali yaitu demam tertiana, pada plasmodium malariae demam terjadi 4 hari sekali)
2. Splenomegali terjadi akibat destruksi yang berlebih akibat menempelnya parasit di eritrosit dan splein mengenalinya sebagai sel asing
3. Anemia sering terjadi karena splein banyak menghancurkan eritrosit "abnormal"
Epidemiologi malaria
Malaria dari 3 stadium plasmodium (falciparum, vivax, malaria) banyak tersebar diseluruh kepulauan Indonesia.
Plasmodium ovale tersebar di Irian Jaya, Timor dan Flores (bagian timur)
Pengobatan malaria
Pengobatan ini di dasarkan pada defek mana yang terkena
1. Skizontisida jaringan primer. Ditujukan untuk parasit pra-eritrositer dan mencegah parasit masuk ke dalam eritrosit dengan proguanil dan pirimetamin
2. Skizontisida jaringan sekunder. Ditujukan untuk parasit pada stadium hypnozoit dan sebagai anti-relaps. Dapat menggunakan primakuin.
3. Skizontisida darah. Untuk membasmi parasit eritrositer dengan menggunakan kina, klorokuin dan amodiakuin.
4. Gametosida. Untuk membasmi stadium gametosit. Dengan menggunakan kina, klorokuin dan amodiakuin untuk vivax, malaria, dan ovale. Sedangkan primakuin untuk semua jenis plasmodium
5. Sporontosida. Untuk mencegah penyakit malaria dan menghambar pembentukan ookista dan sporozoit. Dengan menggunakan proguanil dan primakuin